United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Research Articles

Study on the Railway Effect of the Coordinated Development of the Economy and Environment in the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle

Transportation infrastructure plays a crucial role in economic development and significantly influences climate change, providing direct and indirect benefits towards the attainment of Goals 8 and 13 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study investigates the impact of railway infrastructure on the level of economic and environmental coordination development in the Chengdu–Chongqing economic circle, using panel data from 16 cities spanning from 2010 to 2020. The analysis employs a coupled coordination degree model and a panel fixed effects model. The findings reveal a gradual increase in the level of economic and environmental coordination development in each city during the study period. Notably, Chongqing and Chengdu exhibit significantly higher levels compared to other cities. Railway infrastructure construction can significantly promote the coordinated development of the urban economy and environment. In areas with a high level of coordinated development of the economy and environment, the promoting effect is relatively small, while in areas with a low level of coordinated development of the economy and environment, the promoting effect is relatively large. Over the long term, railways continue to significantly promote the coordinated development of the urban economy and environment. The construction of railways can stimulate the development of the urban private economy and marketization, thereby facilitating the coordinated development of the urban economy and environment.

Toward social sustainability: evidence from the Chaharbagh Abbasi Pedestrian Street in a historical Middle Eastern city, Iran

Pedestrianization is a prevalent strategy, especially in urban centers, aimed at creating safer and more vibrant environments. However, there remains a conspicuous absence of studies exploring the social consequences of pedestrianization in the Middle East (ME). This research aims to bridge this gap by assessing the social impacts of pedestrianization on Chaharbagh Abbasi Pedestrian Street (ChAPS), a historical social hub of Isfahan, a city in the heart of Iran, which was revitalized from a car-oriented to a car-free street between 2017 and 2020. We focused on five independent factors: social interaction (SI), sense of belongingness (SB), sense of responsibility (SR), security (SEC), and safety (SAF). Data from 984 in-person questionnaires and online surveys were analyzed via SPSS and ArcGIS, and pre- and post-project outcomes were compared. The findings indicate an improvement in SAF, SB, and SI, a negligible change in SEC, and an unexpected decrease in SR post-pedestrianization. Specifically, SI improved for 60% of visitors and 72% of urban residents reliant on public transportation. SAF increased by 97% and 80% for city inhabitants and visitors, respectively, while SEC witnessed minimal progress of under 10% for both groups. Despite SB achieving a remarkable improvement of 93%, SR surprisingly decreased by 21.5% for those living far from ChAPS. The study aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), indicating the pedestrianization project’s contribution to social sustainability to a large extent. However, further efforts are needed to fully meet SDG sub-indicators. This study provides practical guidelines for urban planners intending to enhance social sustainability through built environmental planning at the city level in the ME.

A Comprehensive Exploration of Biomass Gasification Technologies Advancing United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

A Comprehensive Exploration of Biomass Gasification Technologies Advancing United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

Potential of bacterial cellulose for sustainable fashion and textile applications: A review

AbstractThe fashion and textile manufacturing sectors are increasingly focusing on innovative raw materials that are renewable and biodegradable. Such materials not only mitigate environmental impacts but also prevent resource depletion. Bacterial cellulose (BC) has emerged as a prime candidate, derivable from a variety of natural ingredients such as tea and coffee in addition to a sugar source in presence of the bacterial microorganisms. Numerous studies have established the potential of BC in future fashion, and some brands have already started to utilise BC as a sustainable raw material. The applications of BC ranges from basic clothing and accessories to wearable electronics. This paper discusses the scope of BC in fashion and textiles, positioning it as a sustainable alternative to conventional materials. We present a comprehensive scoping review, covering the unique properties of BC, the factors influencing its production, and its applications in textile, clothing, and footwear over the past decade. The advantages of BC in fashion are manifold: zero-waste manufacturing, reliance on renewable sources, diminished environmental pollution, and biodegradability. Furthermore, the use of BC aligns with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 6, 7, 12, 13 and 15. However, there exist challenges pertaining to production costs, scalability, and quality, in addition to the imperative of harnessing food waste streams instead of contending for human food resources. Addressing these challenges is vital to cement BC’s position as a pivotal sustainable material in future fashion.

Innovating the Local Plan through Co-Creation and the Public Sociology Approach toward Urban Regeneration: An Italian Case Study

This paper examines the role of social research and communication methodologies in fostering substantive democratic participation and policy co-production within the context of urban regeneration initiatives anchored in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This research critically analyzes the “becoming public” of sociology and social research in participatory design processes related to traditional urban planning instruments at the local scale (Regulatory Plans) in the Italian context, specifically through the case study of the Municipality of Appignano. It questions the role of sociology in activating a competent public sphere and promoting deliberative democracy at urban and territorial design levels and whether we can identify the traits of public sociology in facilitating the different stages of these processes. This paper details a participatory process in Appignano that sought to innovate urban regeneration within complex legislative frameworks, emphasizing community engagement and interdisciplinary approaches. The findings reveal a community actively participating in the regeneration process, demonstrating a high level of agreement on various urban development strategies aimed at sustainability. This study underscores the capacity of public sociology to facilitate public debate and democratic dialogue and suggests that such participatory approaches can significantly contribute to sustainable and resilient urban development, highlighting the potential of sociology as a moral and political force in urban planning.

House building techniques for achieving sustainable development goals

AbstractThis study aims to design and build a pilot home according to the United Nations sustainable development goals (UN SDGs). The research methodology is a nature‐oriented housing policy to promote renewable energy consumption in homes for cleaner environments. This study analyzes the structural elements of traditional homes in the eastern south of Iran. This study examines the UN SDGs in planning and designing the model to find the advantages of nature‐oriented constructions compared to the current harmful development projects damaging nature, environments, ecosystems, and the earth. The building model presented in this paper is in harmony with the UN SDGs. The model provides an architectural and planning procedure to prevent the earth from damaging fossil consumption‐built environments in the world. Calculations show that the housing pilot model saves USD 3600 in energy consumption per household on average. The outcomes of this study prove the hypothesis that the use of renewable energy in homes is beneficial economically and environmentally. This study implicates housing policies in shifting planning and design methods toward UN SDGs. Policies are applicable globally in the housing programs.

How and why we built our Smart Farm

The Smart Farm of Bioeconomy Campus project (2021–2023) developed a unique hub of Smart Farming technology. The resulting Smart Farm aims to accelerate the adoption of smart technologies in farms according to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Therefore, at the Smart Farm, near-market technologies and services are tested, developed, and demonstrated. The aim is to remove barriers to their adoption and accelerate innovation in the sector, significantly increasing the benefits for farmers and the related agricultural industry. The foundation of the Smart Farm is based on processing various types of data. In the project, data was intensively collected from 16 hectares of test plots where barley was cultivated. Regular measurements were taken from the soil, crops, and from machinery and tractors equipped with ISOBUS technology. Measurements included the use of wireless soil sensors (20 units), drone imaging (RGB, multispectral, and thermal cameras), satellite images, and tractor telematics data. Additionally, the usability of the 5G signal in machine guidance was measured. Based on the collected data, precision farming was planned and implemented. Automated field navigation with headland automation was compared to traditional manual driving methods. Using GIS, maps such as profitability and energy consumption maps were generated from the data. The project developed a Farmer's Data Repository, through which a farmer can license their data to the desired destination via a data delivery service. The project also demonstrated the operation of such a system, compliant with EU data regulations, in collaboration with partner companies. A comprehensive project, the Finnish Future Farm (2023–2026), has begun based on the foundation of the Smart Farm, involving companies, educational and research organizations, farmers, and stakeholders. The project will build a digital twin of the physical Smart Farm, both of which will be utilized in R&D, experimentation, and education.

Economic self-sufficiency (ESS) as a barrier to health self-sufficiency (HSS) for Burmese refugees in the United States: a culture-centered analysis

From displacement to resettlement, Burmese refugees bear high disease burdens; first as forced migrants escaping conflict and then as second-class citizens in host countries like the United States. This relegation of refugee bodies to the margins upon resettlement, warrants an examination of the contradictions of the process as a humanitarian enterprise yet in violation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10 of Reduced Inequalities, particularly through a health inequities lens. In the present study, the researcher conducted 15 semi-structured in-depth interviews with key stakeholders within the resettlement ecosystem of the city of Indianapolis, Indiana in the U.S., including Burmese community members, leaders, and health practitioners. Narrative data reveal an inverse relationship between the federally mandated metric of economic self-sufficiency (ESS) defined as job placement upon resettlement, and health self-sufficiency (HSS) defined as the ability to meaningfully engage with healthcare structures and resources. Participants articulate the precarious nature of such low-wage employment in predatory industries like meatpacking, requiring little to no language or vocational training and subjecting refugee employees to coercive practices including mandatory overtime. These practices are outlined as both dangerous to the health of employees and detracting from their time resources which would otherwise be allocated toward linguistic and vocational training—both required for socioeconomic mobility, as well as to meaningfully navigate labyrinthian healthcare structures. Faced with these structural constraints, Burmese community members demonstrate health self-sufficiency through a combination of treatment with over-the-counter (OTC) medications, traditional healing practices, and by activating familial and community networks as communal resources for accessing healthcare structures.

A mixed methods systematic literature review of barriers and facilitators to help-seeking among women with stigmatised pelvic health symptoms

BackgroundWomen’s pelvic health is a globally important subject, included in international and United Kingdom health policies, emphasising the importance of improving information and access to pelvic health services. Consequences of pelvic symptoms are intimate, personal, and varied, often causing embarrassment and shame, affecting women’s quality of life and wellbeing.AIMTo understand the experience of seeking healthcare for stigmatised pelvic health symptoms by synthesising all types of published primary research and mapping the results to behavioural theory, to identify potential targets for intervention.MethodsSystematic search of MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, PubMED databases, CDSR and CENTRAL registers, from inception to May 2023 for all types of research capturing women’s views and experiences of seeking help with stigmatised urogenital and bowel symptoms. Studies only reporting prevalence, predictors of help-seeking, non-health related help-seeking, or written in languages other than English, German, French, Spanish and Swedish were excluded. Reference checking and forward citation searching for all included studies was performed. A results-based synthesis approach was used to integrate quantitative and qualitative data. Themes were mapped to the Common-Sense model and Candidacy framework. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used for critical appraisal. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation - Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research for assessing certainty of review findings.Results86 studies representing over 20,000 women from 24 high income countries were included. Confidence was high that barriers to help-seeking were similar across all study types and pelvic symptoms: stigma, lack of knowledge, women’s perception that clinicians dismissed their symptoms, and associated normalising and deprioritising of low bother symptoms. Supportive clinicians and increased knowledge were key facilitators.ConclusionsUsing the Common-Sense Model to explore women’s help-seeking behaviour with stigmatised pelvic symptoms reveals problems with cognitive representation of symptom identity, emotional representations of embarrassment and shame, and a subjective norm that women believe their symptoms will be trivialised by clinicians. Together these barriers frustrate women’s identification of their candidacy for healthcare. Addressing these issues through behavioural change interventions for women and clinicians, will help to achieve universal access to pelvic healthcare services (United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.7).Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO CRD42021256956.

A systematic bibliometric review of the global research dynamics of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030

The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted in 2015, are a universal call to action to eliminate poverty, protect the environment, and foster global peace and prosperity by 2030. This paper conducts a crucial bibliometric analysis of research publications related to the SDGs from 2015 to 2022, aiming to assess current knowledge, identify trends, and address research gaps. Using a dataset of 2227 research publications from the Web of Science database, the study reveals a significant increase in research focusing on the SDGs, reflecting growing awareness of global challenges. Moreover, there is a noticeable trend in interdisciplinary research, highlighting the need for collaborative solutions across diverse fields. Encouragingly, developing countries demonstrate a growing interest in the SDGs, indicating a collective global commitment to sustainable development and addressing issues affecting vulnerable populations. The implications of this research are extensive, providing valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders to better understand the current state of SDG knowledge and prioritize future research efforts and resource allocation effectively, ultimately working towards achieving the SDGs by 2030.

Achieving the 2030 Agenda: Mapping the Landscape of Corporate Sustainability Goals and Policies in the European Union

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) were introduced in 2015 to advance the 2030 Agenda of sustainable development in all supporting countries. The SDGs are applicable to countries, non-governmental organizations, industries, and companies. In this article, we focus on the contribution of listed companies headquartered in the European Union (EU) to the SDGs. The EU intends to be the front-runner in the race for sustainable development and has adopted comprehensive strategies that mirror the UN SDGs. For this reason, we collected relevant data points from the Refinitiv Eikon database for 1156 companies headquartered in EU countries for the financial year 2022. The data collected refer to contributions to each SDG and the adoption of corporate sustainability policies. Data were statistically analyzed per country and sector to generate a comprehensive image of industry contributions to the SDGs in the EU. By applying a comparative analysis of country-level achievements and policies, the results point to four EU countries that are significant contributors to the SDGs through their economic activities. At the same time, other EU countries are still facing significant challenges in this domain. The socioeconomic considerations for these cases are laid out in the Discussion section. The present article offers a snapshot of corporate contributions to the SDGs as climate and geopolitical challenges become more prominent.

Determinants, mechanisms and consequences of UN SDGs reporting by universities: conceptual framework and avenues for future research

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual framework that explores the determinants, mechanisms and consequences of reporting on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) by universities. The framework considers the relationship between reporting on the SDGs and the three main activities of universities: research, teaching and service. As universities hold a unique position in society, understanding their experiences with SDG reporting offers insights into the promotion and integration of SDGs into reporting and practice more broadly.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts a conceptual approach and draws on existing literature to develop a framework for understanding reporting on the UN SDGs by universities. The framework considers the challenges faced by universities in providing sustainability information and examines the motivations and outcomes associated with reporting. It also explores the coordination and collaboration necessary across departments within universities and discusses the risks associated with greenwashing.FindingsThe paper highlights that reporting on the UN SDGs can enhance university engagement with stakeholders, improve their reputation, and foster innovation and transdisciplinary research ideas. However, universities encounter challenges such as limited data availability, resource constraints, lack of coordination and competing priorities. The growing scepticism surrounding reporting motives has led to increased allegations of greenwashing within the sector.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the accounting literature by presenting a comprehensive framework that explores the determinants, mechanisms and consequences of reporting on the UN SDGs by universities. The framework offers insights into how reporting on SDGs can lead to embedding the SDGs in research, teaching and service activities and can be adapted to other organisational contexts. The paper also emphasises the need for further research on the mechanisms of reporting, which play a crucial role in driving long-lasting change.

The City of Boys: An ethnographic survey into the experiences of apprentices and urbanization of Onitsha City, Nigeria

This research critically examines the post-civil war Igba-boi apprenticeship system, unveiling its pivotal role in shaping Onitsha into a thriving urban economic hub through robust human capital development. The apprenticeship system forged between a trader-mentor and a mentee over a specific timeframe act as a conduit for passing on trade expertise. The symbolically rich mentorship process propels the mentee into independent entrepreneurship, with a conscious obligation to perpetuate the trade cycle by mentoring others, often recruited from rural areas, thereby initiating widespread urban migration in Onitsha city. By the post-Nigeria-Biafra War era, resonating mentor-mentee collaborations propelled Onitsha into an epicenter of urban politics and human capital development, answering the call of war starvation melted as an indemnity on the Igbo people by the Nigerian government. Employing go-along ethnographic and quantitative historical methods, the study draws from primary and secondary data sources, utilizing pseudonyms for anonymity. By adopting Innovation Diffusion Theory and Agency Theory as analytical frameworks, this research offers a fresh perspective on the Igba-boi system as an ‘unseen’ infrastructure for connecting the wealth gap. It explores communication channels, adoption rates, and economic impacts of innovative practices in Onitsha's economic development. Notable economic impacts include increased business efficiency, productivity, and market reach. Additionally, the study delves into urbanization dynamics, cultural influences, feedback mechanisms, and the long-term sustainability of innovations within the Igba-boi system. By synthesizing Innovation Diffusion Theory and Agency Theory, this research significantly contributes to the discourse on urbanization and economic development, presenting the Igba-boi system as a potent catalyst for inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable urban growth in alignment with the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Sustainable efficiency in cities in China—An interaction model among water, energy, and industry

With the inclusion of “Building Inclusive, safe, Resilient and Sustainable Cities and human Settlements” (SDG11) in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGS), the movement to promote sustainable development from an urban perspective is growing globally. Many studies examine urban sustainability efficiency from multiple dimensions, but scant attention targets the interaction among various dimensions. This research combines the water-energy-industry subsystem to evaluate the sustainable development performance of 29 provinces in China from 2018 to 2020. The results show that 1) a water system plays an important role in promoting a city's overall sustainable performance. 2) Urban sustainable efficiency has the characteristics of low value aggregation and high value dispersion in space. 3) Regional and sub-system sustainability efficiencies exhibit clear heterogeneity. 4) Rainfall improves the sustainable efficiency of cities, mainly through water systems. 5) The coupling between water and industrial subsystems is better than that between energy and industrial subsystems, and the coupling between the central region subsystem is the best. This paper offers a new perspective for understanding the current state of sustainability in China's provinces and provides more specific suggestions for improving regional sustainability efficiency in the future.

Green or green‐washed? Examining sustainability reporting in higher education

AbstractSustainability reporting has gained popularity across various fields, and the higher education sector is no exception. Higher education institutions across the globe are voluntarily investing time and resources into showcasing their activities and progress in sustainable development. Are these efforts just superficial instances of following a trend or do they exemplify a path towards an in‐depth transformation in the area of sustainability, as it is called for by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2015–2030? This article aims to answer this question by studying public sustainability reports of the top 50 UK universities, focusing on their self‐reflective elements and thematic comprehensiveness.

Fuel properties and incineration behavior of poultry litter blended with sweet sorghum bagasse and pyrolysis oil

The incineration of poultry litter (PL) effectively reduces the volume of waste in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of “affordable and clean energy”. However, mono-incineration is associated with considerable challenges due to the varying moisture, structural and chemical composition and low energy yield. The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of sweet sorghum bagasse (SS) and pyrolysis oil (PO) on improving the fuel properties of PL and mitigating ash related burdens during incineration. The different biomass feedstocks were produced by combining PL with SS at 0.0% (T0), 25% (T1), 50% (T2), 75% (T3) and compared with 100% SS (T4). In order to achieve high energy potential and low ash deposition, the parallel samples were additionally mixed with 10% PO to improve the energy value. The experimental results show that increasing the proportion of SS and adding PO to the mixtures increases the volatile matter and decreases the moisture and ash content. The addition of PO also increases the carbon and hydrogen content. The use of SS and PO thus increased the values of the ignitability index and apparently also the flammability by 30.0%–49.4% compared to pure PL. SS and PO shifted the HHV of the starting material from 16.90 to 18.78 MJ kg−1. In addition, SS + PO improved the flame volume and red color intensity of the PL blends based on the image analysis method. However, the presence of SS and PO did not sufficiently improve the ash-related index values, which requires further investigation.

Is sustainable energy consumption, technological advancement and urbanization fast addressing south Asia’s green energy expansion deficits?

AbstractThe United Nation’s sustainable development goals (UN-SDGs) like accessibility to renewable energies (SDG-7), sustainable production and consumption (SDG-12), as well as stable economic growth all centre on the notion of human development (HDI) and reflected in (SDG-8). In line with this motivation, this study explores the environmental sustainability targets for a panel of South Asian economies that are disproportionately affected by a huge energy deficit i.e., energy poverty, and technological immobility. This study considers evidence from south Asian nations to provide the role of certain indicators of human development in the wake of economic development and environmental quality objectives by unraveling the complex relationships between per capita income, access to technological innovation, access to clean energy, and urbanization. Employing a balanced panel econometric model, this study investigate the hypothesized nexus between specific macro-economic variables among South Asian economies. The empirical evidence indicates that the human development index (HDI), per capita income, accessibility to clean energy, technological innovation, as well as urbanization all exhibits a long-run equilibrium relationship over the study period. However, income per capita, accessibility to clean energy and technological innovation all exert a positive impact on HDI for the selected countries, while urbanization shows a negative impact on HDI. Furthermore, causality relationship shows a feedback causality relationship between income per capita, access to clean energy and urbanization with the human development variable, while access to technological innovation has a one-way causality with the HDI. This current study importantly extends the extant knowledge, by presenting new insights into the interaction between human development and its antecedents from a whole new contextual perspective. These outcomes will assist policymakers and stakeholders to obtain new insights into the crucial role of clean energy accessibility, technological innovation, income per capita, and urbanization on HDI processes among South Asian countries.

The evolution of CSR reporting in the oil and gas industry and its future direction: A conceptual review

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting has become increasingly important for industries worldwide, particularly in sectors with significant environmental and social impacts such as the oil and gas industry. This paper presents a conceptual review of the evolution of CSR reporting within the oil and gas sector, examining its historical development, current practices, and future directions. The evolution of CSR reporting in the oil and gas industry can be traced back to growing societal and stakeholder pressures for transparency and accountability. Initially, CSR reporting focused primarily on philanthropic activities and compliance with regulations. However, with mounting concerns over environmental degradation, climate change, and social justice issues, stakeholders demanded more comprehensive reporting practices. In response, oil and gas companies have adopted various frameworks and standards, such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to guide their CSR reporting efforts. These frameworks help companies disclose their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance in a systematic and comparable manner, enhancing accountability and facilitating stakeholder engagement. Looking ahead, the future direction of CSR reporting in the oil and gas industry is likely to be shaped by emerging trends such as increased emphasis on climate-related disclosures, integration of ESG factors into corporate strategy and decision-making, and the rise of digital technologies for data collection and reporting. Moreover, there is a growing recognition of the need for industry-wide collaboration and standardization to improve the credibility and effectiveness of CSR reporting. This conceptual review highlights the evolving landscape of CSR reporting in the oil and gas industry and underscores the importance of continuous improvement and innovation in meeting the evolving expectations of stakeholders and society.

Generation estimation and critical metals quantity assessment of retired mobile phones in Japan

The sustainable management of WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) can contribute to the defense of the ESBs (Earth System Boundaries) and achievement of the UN SDGs (United Nations Sustainable Development Goals). This work conducted reasonable generation estimation and critical metals quantity assessment of retired mobile phones in Japan with the sales&new method. The generation estimation is based on the statistical data including sales and quantity of the subscribers. The result shows that there are 31.20 million of mobile phones retired in 2021, comparing 32.83 million in 2008. The calculated lifetime have minimum and maximum value in 2008 and 2019, which is 3.36 and 7.58, comparing 6.42 in 2021. 17 metals are selected as critical metals, with which the quantity and dynamic are also calculated. The replacement from feature phones to smart phones demand less of 11 metals, which shows the critical metals savings leading by the technological innovation.

Evaluation of Nigeria’s Energy Policy on Biomass Utilization

Biomass energy, employed for centuries as a fuel in developing nations, stands as the longest-standing energy source still actively employed by humans today. Nigeria has an abundance of different biomass energy sources, with many of them remaining untapped and undeveloped across various levels. Despite its widespread availability throughout the nation, policies aimed at enhancing its utilization have received limited attention. Several obstacles hindering Nigeria's adoption of biomass energy need to be eliminated for it to develop to reach the levels observed in some developed nations. This paper examined empirical studies to assess the factors that shape the Nigerian biomass energy adoption and policies. The study explored a total of 16 articles on biomass utilization and summative content analysis was used to analyze them. The results indicate that political, economic, and technological factors have influenced Nigeria's biomass energy adoption and policy. This calls for a need to address these multifaceted challenges to promote the sustainable use of biomass as an energy source. This aligns with the seventh goal of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), emphasizing affordable and clean energy.